先一起来看看被动语态吧!被动语态,我们都很熟悉。你也许会说它不是就是 be+Ved 的结构,还有什么值得多想的呢?那么问题来了:是不是任何一个主动语态的句子都能变换成被动语态?
答案是否定的,只有含及物动词Vt.(动词后面通常要接宾语的动词,提及他物)的句子才能变换成被动语态, 即A Vt B 的句式才能变换成B be Vt.ed by A。与及物动词 Vt. 相对的语法名称是不及物动词 Vi.(动词后面不接宾语的动词,不提及他物)。话说到这里,就要引出今天的重点了:在英语中,任何复杂的句子,根据动词是否及物以及是否是完全动词(需不需补语)可以最终简化成基本的五种情况,即“五大基本句型”。相信大家对“五大基本句型”都有所了解,但今天我们从动词的角度来学习和理解它。
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五大句型
及物或者不及物由是否要宾语决定,动词的完全不完全由补语判定。
主语:
Subject 可以是一个名词单词或名词短语,甚至一个名词从句。
动词:
Verb 描述主语状态,或主语发出的动作,可以被副词性成分修饰。
宾语:
Object 动作的承受者,须具有名词性。
补语:
Complement 补充让意思表达清楚,不可或缺的。
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(一)S+Vi.
例:He cried.
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(二)S+(be类)+C
例:Tom was angry.
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(三)S+Vt.+O
例:I love you.
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(四)S+Vt. +O(人)+O(物)
例:His father bought her a gift.
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(五)S+Vt.+O+C
例:Amy painted the wall white.
除此之外,为了基本句型的完整性,我们还要补充两种:
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(六)There be 句型
例:There are some books on the desk
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(七)S+Vi.+C
例:The sun rose red in the east.
其实(七)这是(一)(二)句型的加合变体的结果。它是由:
(1)The sun rose in the east.
(2)The sun was red.
(1)+(2)= (3)The sun rose red in the east. (旭日东升) 在意义上相当于 The sun rose and was red, 或The sun was red when it rose.
五大基本句型简单的介绍完了,把及物,不及物,补语等概念了解过后,我们现在回到 被动语态上。
(语法名称代表用法,希望更多的关注具体用法而不是记几个语法名称)
注意:及物动词才有被动语态 ,因此只有(三)(四)(五)句型有被动语态
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【第一】,S+Vt.+O的被动语态
A be Vted by B的结构,by B 不一定都要表现出来,它可省的情形有三:
1)动作者为一般人或泛指一类人时
Wild monkeys are seen around this area. (by…)
在这个地区随处可看见野生猴子。
2)动作者不清楚时
This seat is taken.(by sb)
这个座位有人坐了。
3)从前后文的关系可清楚动作者是谁时
The newspapers are delivered around 5:00 a.m. (by postman)
报纸约在早上五点送达。
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【第二】,S+Vt.+O(人)+O(物)的被动语态一次只用一个宾语来做变化。物在前人在后要加介系词。
1)They sent all the customers a card about the sale.
他们寄给所有顾客一张贩售物品的卡片。
All the customers were sent (by them) a card about the sale.
2)They sent a card about the sale to all the customers.
他们寄一张贩售物品的卡片给所有顾客
A card about the sale was sent (by them)(to)all the customers.
3)The embassy gave me a new passport.
大使馆给了我一份新的护照。
① I was given a new passport by the embassy.
② A new passport was given(to)me by the embassy.
4)My father bought me a motorcycle.
我父亲给我买了一辆摩托车。
① I was bought a motorcycle by my father. (少用)
② A motorcycle was bought for me by my father.
注意1:
动词buy, get, make, read, sing, write, build, cook, pass, choose等,其被动语态多不用间接宾语(人)当主语
注意2:
用to时,可以省略
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【第三】,S+Vt.+O+C的被动语态
1)His grandfather named the baby Doris.
The baby was named Doris by his grandfather.
2)They painted the wall blue.
The wall was painted blue by them.
3)John persuaded me to go to the dentist.
I was persuaded to go the dentist by john.